2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid: An In-Depth Commentary
Historical Development
Back in the early days of organic chemistry, the introduction of halogenated carboxylic acids marked a turning point for the field. Chemists sought new molecular tools for creating polymers and pharmaceuticals. 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid grew from these efforts, with early synthetic advances aiming to add branching and reactive groups to the acrylic acid family. Laboratories in Europe and North America began synthesizing alpha-bromo acids for research, using their unique reactivity for both theoretical study and practical application. For years, this compound mainly lived in academic papers, only breaking out into industrial use as new methods improved yields and purity.
Product Overview
2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid stands out for its role as a building block in advanced synthetic chemistry. With its straightforward structure—a bromo group and a methyl group on a propionic acid backbone—it creates a fork in the road for molecular transformations. Manufacturers scale up batch reactions to meet the demands of polymer and pharmaceutical industries, understanding the high expectations for product reliability and traceability. Every contract and shipment reflects the dependability of this compound: once the first batch reached the market, specifications tightened, and applications broadened as the molecule earned a spot on the shelves of more than just research labs.
Physical & Chemical Properties
What strikes me about 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid are its unmistakable physical and chemical signatures. This white crystalline solid boasts moderate solubility in water, with much greater solubility in polar organic solvents. The melting point sits around 48°C, fairly typical for small, branched carboxylic acids. The sharp, slightly pungent odor gives away the presence of the bromo group. The compound features clear acid-base behavior—dissolving in basic solutions to form bromoisobutyrate salts. The alpha bromine, right next to the carboxyl, makes the molecule highly reactive in nucleophilic substitution or elimination, serving as a jumping-off point for further chemistry.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
From years of working with regulated chemicals, precise technical data and labeling mean fewer surprises. 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid usually ships with a purity close to 99%, water content under 0.5%, and tightly controlled heavy metals. Labels contain not just the batch number and date, but also clear hazard pictograms—denoting irritant and environmental risk. Product specification sheets back up each shipment, listing GC, NMR, and titration data to reassure end-users. This level of detail helps both small research labs and large plants keep track of inventory and quality at every step from purchasing to storage.
Preparation Method
Synthesis often starts with isobutyric acid, taking advantage of its methyl-branched structure. The transformation relies on a halogenation reaction, usually with elemental bromine in the presence of a strong acid or catalyst. This process carves a bromine atom onto the alpha carbon, making the product amenable for follow-up reactions. Chemists handle each stage under strict temperature and light controls, since bromination can run away if not watched. After reaction, careful crystallization or distillation improves purity and removes over-brominated byproducts. Each step calls for close attention, not just to the chemistry, but also to operator protection, given the volatility and toxicity of reagents like bromine.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid opens doors to a wide array of transformations. The bromo group leaves easily, acting as a springboard for SN1 or SN2 reactions that push in nucleophiles of every stripe—amines, thiols, even organometallics. Carbene chemistry and radical initiators run smoothly off this core. The carboxylic acid group, meanwhile, offers classic condensation routes: esters, amides, or anhydrides tailored by choice of reagents. Every time I see a new polymer or drug built from this unit, I remember how its broad reactivity shapes the progress of both academic and industrial chemistry.
Synonyms & Product Names
2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid takes on several aliases across catalogs: it turns up as alpha-bromo-isobutyric acid, 2-bromo-isobutyric acid, and simply bromoisobutyric acid. Some suppliers refer to it using trade abbreviations or coded identifiers. In research, the shorthand “Br-iBA” often appears in notebooks or publications. This variety in nomenclature sometimes creates confusion, especially when ordering, but every label points back to that same basic structure. Clarity in naming shapes safety, storage, and regulatory records, so vendors and users stay vigilant to prevent mix-ups.
Safety & Operational Standards
Years in the lab grind in the reality of chemical safety—2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid calls for gloves, goggles, and a chemical fume hood. Its bromo group primes the skin and mucous membranes for irritation. The solid can sting if touched, and the dust or vapor deserves respect. Operators minimize contact, lean on proper PPE, and use secondary containment to avoid spills. Waste streams receive special treatment, passed through neutralization and chemical scrubbers before disposal. Regulatory standards shape every step, with safety data sheets regularly reviewed and updated to reflect new toxicological findings. These protocols anchor safe handling and environmental protection.
Application Area
One of the main draws for 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid sits in controlled radical polymerization, especially Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). Chemists use it to make well-defined polymers for coatings, adhesives, and advanced materials—each batch tuned for block lengths and architecture. The molecule also pops up in pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis, where its reactive bromo-alpha acid allows one to build new drugs or agrochemicals one step at a time. In fine chemical manufacture, it serves as a starting point for structures that traditional halides cannot reach. The increasing demand for high-performance materials keeps interest steady year after year.
Research & Development
Research pushes against old boundaries, and 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid gives scientists new tools. Labs worldwide experiment with its use in eco-friendly polymer techniques, bioconjugation, and new surfactants. Focused studies deep-dive into reaction kinetics, stereochemistry, and downstream modifications, turning over every molecular stone. Grant proposals rise and fall on the promise of this compound to enable more controlled, greener, or more cost-effective processes. University and industry joint projects often hinge on access to high-purity batches for method validation, driving even greater refinement in synthetic protocols. Each peer-reviewed publication adds to the compound’s legacy, letting the market and academic community keep pace with changing scientific priorities and regulatory shifts.
Toxicity Research
No matter how useful a compound, toxicity shapes its future. Animal studies and cell cultures build the safety profile of 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid. Acute exposure can lead to skin reddening, respiratory stress, and, at high doses, more severe outcomes. Long-term studies track metabolism and excretion, looking for organ-specific effects or the formation of hazardous metabolites. Regulatory agencies use this data to guide workplace exposure limits and environmental discharge rules. Ongoing research at academic toxicology departments aims to discover mechanisms of action, helping to fine-tune first aid and environmental remediation techniques. The push for safer alternatives grows each year, but the depth of research on brominated acids keeps them in play as chemists learn to manage and mitigate the risks.
Future Prospects
Looking ahead, 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid stands ready to take on new challenges in chemistry and materials science. Demand is growing for controlled synthesis tools in fields like nanotechnology, bio-inspired materials, and medicine. The shift toward sustainable chemistry encourages reevaluation of current processes: finding alternatives or improvements that reduce waste and hazard, but keep the core utility of the molecule intact. Supply chains adapt with better purification, greener halogenation steps, and safer logistics. The next chapter will depend on how researchers, manufacturers, and regulators work together to unlock even more potential, while upholding stringent safety and quality standards.
How Purity Shapes Laboratory Results
Every bottle of 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid on a lab shelf holds a promise. The label’s number—often somewhere between 97% and 99%—speaks to how much of that white powder is actually the target compound. Purity matters a lot in chemistry. Over more than a decade in the lab, mixing reagents and chasing elusive reactions, the difference between 98% and 99% isn't just a single percent—it can be the dealbreaker that determines whether the experiment succeeds or fizzles out.
Looking Closer Than the Label
Most commercial sources offer 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid at around 98% or a tiny bit higher. Sometimes it drops to 95%, but that sits on the lower end for anything serious. High-purity batches usually show just trace levels of byproducts or unreacted starting materials. Each contaminant, even in tiny amounts, risks throwing off whatever you’re building—polymers, pharmaceuticals, or other lab-made molecules. In reality, a few percent of impurity means a lot when you’re relying on predictable chemistry.
Real-World Quality Control
Trustworthy companies back up their purity claims with certificates of analysis showing results from NMR, GC-MS, or sometimes HPLC. I've seen labs skip the certificate and simply take the supplier's word for it—risky, especially with something as reactive as a bromo acid. In synthetic work, that trace bit of leftover alcohol or bromide can cause side reactions, lower yield, or even produce hazardous byproducts. Small research outfits sometimes try to clean up commercially bought acid using recrystallization. Still, this step isn’t easy for every group, since you waste material and add to your timeline.
Why the Stakes Matter
High purity acid supports safer handling and reliable scaling. Imagine a polymerization run where each chain grows one impurity at its end. You can't count on strength or reactivity. In pharma research, impurities can become unknowns in toxicology screens. Regulators take a close look at those unknowns before any drug reaches the market. As a chemist, I’ve sent samples to third parties for extra analysis when a supplier’s batch seemed off-color or smelled wrong. Mistakes traced back to a few percent difference can wreck real budgets and timelines.
Seeking Consistency and Quality
Folks in R&D benefit from phone calls and honest questions with their suppliers. Who made this batch? Was it stored right? Freshness, moisture exposure, and light affect both purity and shelf life. Those small checks fix problems before they show up downstream. Sodium thiosulfate will take out the excess halide, but that’s a fix after things already went wrong. Make a habit of reading the batch documentation and saving samples in case things get weird later.
The Solution Path
Building reliability into chemistry comes from understanding both what’s in the bottle and the trust level of your supplier. Ask for recent spectral data. Store your acids dry and dark. If something smells strange or looks off, don’t risk the next reaction—test a piece or order a fresh lot. That level of attention up front means less wasted time and a cleaner path from simple molecules to finished products.
Practical Care for a Sensitive Chemical
Handling 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid isn’t just about following lab safety rules. It actually comes down to understanding why proper storage keeps both people and the material safe. Scientists use this chemical as a building block, especially in controlled radical polymerization or other specialty syntheses, so mistakes in storage affect both safety and research integrity.
Why Storage Really Matters
I remember the first time I opened a lab’s chemical storeroom after someone new had organized the shelves. Some acids stood next to strong bases, and a couple of oxidizers were shelved with easily oxidized organics. All the labels were correct, but the placement risked serious accidents.
2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid isn’t particularly notorious on its own, but it’s an organic acid with a bromine twist. If you leave it exposed to air or moisture, the substance can slowly degrade or even form corrosive fumes. A little dampness won’t cause a cloud in the air, but it leads to loss of purity and, over time, subpar performance for planned reactions. Nobody wants to repeat a week-long synthesis because the starting material sat exposed for an hour.
Reliable Storage Conditions
Direct sunlight breaks down a lot of organic acids faster than most people expect. Strong light, combined with mildly elevated temperature, can promote decomposition. Thick amber glass bottles work well, and shelving them away from windows makes a big difference. Anything left on a well-lit lab bench will experience temperature shifts just from sunlight alone.
Room temperature storage sounds fine on paper, but labs heat up and cool down more than is healthy for sensitive chemicals. My rule: if I’d feel a bottle of beer getting warm on a shelf, chemicals on that shelf probably deserve better storage. A dedicated chemical fridge—not the one with lunches or random biological samples—offers steady temps below 20°C. This protects the acid from cycling temperature swings that might compromise quality.
Humidity quietly ruins chemicals too. Humid lab air speeds hydrolysis, especially for organic acids. That’s why I always check seals and use desiccators for smaller sample bottles. Desiccant packs seem like a small touch, though they can provide months of extra shelf-life, especially in summer.
Don't Mix Hazards
Mixing incompatible chemicals happens more often than anyone admits. Acids with oxidizers or bases bring hazards ranging from fumes to fires. I’ve seen storerooms where small spills led to unexpected reactions, just because chemicals weren’t separated. Assigning a dedicated shelf or cabinet for acids such as 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid helps avoid cross-contamination and accidents.
Good Labeling and Monitoring
A well-marked expiration date, receipt date, and periodic visual checks on bottle clarity help prevent surprises. If the acid smells stronger than usual or shows signs of discoloration, disposal and replacement beats guessing whether it’s still good.
Simple Steps Secure Results
A few careful habits—dark glass containers, steady cool temperature, low humidity, and clear separation from incompatible substances—make a world of difference. Labs become safer, chemicals last longer, and experiments stay reliable. Good storage remains a foundation for solid science.
Cornerstone for Controlled Radical Polymerization
Every so often, a chemical comes along that changes the way we handle manufacturing and research. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropionic acid ranks among those game-changers, especially for folks who know and work with polymers. Take atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): researchers depend on this approach to churn out custom-built polymers that fit exact needs. As a key initiator, 2-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid helps make the whole reaction possible. Chemists find that modifying its structure opens the door to a wider selection of end-products. It’s the difference between painting with a handful of colors and working with a whole spectrum.
Tool for Crafting Smart Materials
Beneath the lab lights, the hunt for “smart” materials never lets up. If you’ve ever read about self-healing paints or fabrics reacting to the environment, controlled polymer growth stands at the core of those advances. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropionic acid acts as a gateway, letting specialists grow polymers with clean, well-defined chains. It makes it possible to attach all sorts of different building blocks together, laying the groundwork for everything from flexible electronics to advanced biomedical devices. In my time tracking developments in wearable devices and medical diagnostics, I keep seeing this molecule’s fingerprints on many of the underlying breakthroughs.
Improving Drug Delivery and Biomedical Coatings
Biotech companies keep searching for ways to deliver drugs exactly where and how they’re needed. This requires not only precise containers but surfaces that communicate well with the body. That’s where this compound comes in. It allows for grafting of specialized side-chains onto surfaces like implant coatings or nanoparticles. Researchers have managed to craft vesicles or coatings that respond to things like temperature or acidity, which in turn enables much more reliable drug release. The progress here means more than long words in a lab manual: it shows up as treatments that last longer, carry fewer side effects, and fit into the rhythms of people’s daily lives.
Ink and Paint Formulations
Most people don’t think of chemistry when picking up a bottle of nail polish or a can of spray paint, but there’s real innovation hiding behind those labels. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropionic acid helps producers create resins and polymers that drive the performance of these products. Improved scratch resistance, better control over gloss, faster drying—all these leap forward because chemists retain command over structure and composition at a microscopic level. If you think about applications on printed circuit boards or 3D-printed parts, the ability to fine-tune these properties becomes even more important.
Challenges and Responsible Use
Reliable sources remind us that, while the chemistry brings real benefits, handling compounds with a bromine atom does create responsibility. Disposal and exposure both raise environmental questions. Those of us who pay attention to green chemistry have watched the evolution of recycling and closed-loop systems in facilities working with radical initiators. Regulatory bodies have pushed for safer handling and more transparent reporting. Scientists, myself included, see growing interest in designing “bromine-free” alternatives for some applications, though the unique perks of 2-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid keep it in demand.
Looking Forward
Companies, researchers, and product developers lean on this compound because it delivers where it counts: precision, reliability, and flexibility. Teams focused on sustainable development will keep studying safer alternatives and better recycling practices. The story of 2-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid reminds us that even molecules far from the public eye can shape products we use every day, from electronics to medicine to things as ordinary as a glossy painted surface.
Trust Starts With Knowing What’s in the Bottle
Standing in a crowded supplement aisle, bright labels and bold claims don’t share much about what ends up in your body. Behind nearly every product—dietary supplement, chemical ingredient, over-the-counter medication—lives a story of sourcing, testing, and documentation. The Certificate of Analysis, better known as a COA, is one of the few paper trails giving real insight into that story.
What a COA Actually Tells You
A COA gives raw data, collected through batch-specific testing. It lists exactly what’s in the product, how much of each ingredient, and whether harmful substances have been kept out. If a company says a powder is “pure creatine monohydrate,” a reputable COA should show a percentage near 100%, alongside microbiological tests and heavy metal screening. This isn’t just industry jargon. I’ve seen folks order raw ingredients online only to end up with chalky mixes spiked with fillers when not checked. Lab results help protect customers from wasting money—or risking their health.
Hard Numbers Over Marketing Hype
Labels sell dreams: muscle gain, sharper focus, better health. Without a COA, all those promises hang loose. I’ve worked with startups gearing up to launch supplements; most of them quickly recognized that real buyers—especially those who’ve had a bad experience before—demand test results. They want copies, real lot numbers, explanations of what each figure means. Some customers have even brought these printouts into the store, asking us to walk through every line.
Quality Assurance Builds Repeat Business
Manufacturers who skip transparent testing often thrive for a while in online marketplaces. But complaints catch up. Online review sites light up with stories of gritty pills, odd colors, or side effects never mentioned on the box. Brands grounded in science, with lab reports available at the click of a button, keep customers loyal. They rarely find their products excluded from markets. In fact, global regulators have tightened the rules over the past five years, with the FDA, Health Canada, and the European Food Safety Authority all raising the bar. A COA isn’t just paperwork—it’s the last defense before something lands in someone’s kitchen drawer or medicine cabinet.
What to Do If a COA Isn’t Available
If a seller shrugs when asked for a COA, it’s a red flag. There’s still plenty of hesitation, especially from suppliers on overseas marketplaces. I recommend walking away or seeking out companies known for transparency. A real business won’t hesitate to share certificates, as long as it doesn’t reveal trade secrets.
For those ordering raw materials, especially for home experiments or small batch formulations, requesting a COA upfront can keep trouble at bay. If enough of us keep asking, more companies will put these documents out there, shifting the market toward safety and trust.
The Path Forward
Demanding documentation doesn’t just protect one person. It keeps pressure on an industry where short-cuts put real health at risk. With better education and apps for instantly checking certificates, consumers can drive real change. Nobody enjoys reading chemical breakdowns for fun, but that sheet of data is a shield worth having.
Real-World Problem Solving Starts With Identifiers
Countless times, walking into a lab or talking chemicals with colleagues, someone throws out a name just slightly different from a listing in the catalog. That’s all it takes for mistakes to creep in—tiny differences, giant consequences. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropionic acid carries the CAS number 598-31-2, and getting it right means the difference between a successful synthesis and a shelf full of useless byproducts.
Why the CAS Number Matters in Practice
Numbers aren’t just numbers; they help cut through confusion. Chemical names have a way of twisting, translating, and tripping people up. I’ve seen coworkers order the wrong reagent because of names that sound almost identical. CAS numbers, a system run by the Chemical Abstracts Service, turn those headaches into certainty. That number—598-31-2—locks exactly onto 2-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid, and nothing else. The precision matters when safety, efficiency, and budgets hang in the balance.
Impact on Industry and Research
Polymer chemists, pharmaceutical researchers, and advanced materials engineers rely on exact matches. Mistakes with precursor chemicals don’t only waste money—they grind research to a halt. I remember a colleague who lost a month of effort after ordering a similarly named acid without double-checking the CAS number. Get the compound wrong, and teams risk not only failed experiments but potential safety incidents in the lab.
CAS Numbers as Tools for Global Safety
Global supply chains rely on standardized identifiers. Regulatory requirements — like those from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), the FDA, or the EPA — hinge on correct chemical identification by CAS number. It’s never just about science; it’s about transparency, compliance, and keeping workers protected. Miss a digit, and you could violate regulations or introduce uncontrolled hazards to the workplace.
Addressing the Challenges
Lax documentation or staff who skip double-checks open the door to error. Training should focus not just on procedures, but on the why—the reason every chemical shipment gets checked against its CAS registry entry. Digital inventory systems should always require CAS input, not just chemical names. Labs benefit from tighter controls when ordering and labeling, making sure everyone, from the newest lab tech to the most seasoned scientist, prioritizes accurate identification.
A Call for Smarter Workflows
CAS numbers don’t just help with purchasing; they aid data sharing across countries and companies. They keep chemical risk assessments accurate and tie up legal paperwork cleanly. I saw workflow improvements after a university department required all internal orders to start with the CAS lookup—not the name. Accuracy soared, and procurement snags plummeted.
Next Steps in Chemical Management
As chemicals become more specialized and supply chains expand, the role of unique identifiers only grows. Universities, manufacturers, and contract labs who integrate CAS checks into their digital systems will outpace those still stuck on manual, name-driven processes. It’s hard to overstate how much safer, smoother, and less stressful chemical management becomes once everyone in the chain knows the exact compound they’re handling—down to the last digit.


| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid |
| Other names |
2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid
α-Bromo-α-methylpropionic acid 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid α-Bromoisobutyric acid Bromoisobutyric acid |
| Pronunciation | /tuː ˈbroʊ.moʊ tuː ˈmɛθ.əl proʊˈpɪʃ.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 3973-05-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1209246 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:17382 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL41548 |
| ChemSpider | 221314 |
| DrugBank | DB04290 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.011.018 |
| EC Number | 211-295-4 |
| Gmelin Reference | 73174 |
| KEGG | C06585 |
| MeSH | D017254 |
| PubChem CID | 67941 |
| RTECS number | UF9350000 |
| UNII | N2Z15467G5 |
| UN number | UN3261 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | urn:cstee::bf1b45ac-ef3a-4668-b9e0-3c41ea2c4be5 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H7BrO2 |
| Molar mass | 166.03 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid |
| Odor | pungent |
| Density | 1.464 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | 0.97 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.2 mmHg (25°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa = 2.44 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 1.49 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -61.0·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.451 |
| Viscosity | 1.37 cP (25 °C) |
| Dipole moment | 2.67 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 283.8 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | −561.9 kJ·mol⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1809.1 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P330, P337+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-1 |
| Flash point | 89 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | Autoignition temperature: 545°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat 1540 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral, rat: 1980 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | BQ9625000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) for 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropionic Acid: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Acetic acid
Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2-Chloropropionic acid 2-Bromoisobutyryl bromide |