Β-Bromoethyl-Benzene: From Chemical Curiosity to Staple Compound
Historical Development
Once you start pulling at the threads of organic synthesis, β-Bromoethyl-Benzene keeps popping up like a familiar face at a trade convention. In the early 20th century, as chemists explored the territory between straightforward alkylbenzenes and more reactive halogenated aromatics, β-Bromoethyl-Benzene made a statement with its dual functionality—an aromatic ring and a reactive bromoalkyl side chain. Labs in Europe and North America tinkered with its reactions as they searched for better routes to pharmaceuticals, dyes, and specialty materials. The historical context isn't some dusty set of discoveries, but a story of researchers chasing new products and running into obstacles until this compound offered a new avenue, especially as the petrochemical industry matured and sought ever-more specialized building blocks.
Product Overview
β-Bromoethyl-Benzene—a molecule with a phenyl group hooked up to a two-carbon chain capped by a bromine atom—is the sort of chemical that can make or break a reaction sequence. It often appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a characteristic sharp odor. Standard packaging includes amber glass to ward off UV-degradation, which speaks to both its chemical stability and to the care people must show when handling reactive organobromides. The product reaches users as a reagent for further transformation in the research lab, or as an intermediate in the bulk chemical industry, always retaining that elemental versatility that justifies its stubborn presence on order forms across the world.
Physical and Chemical Properties
With a molecular formula of C8H9Br, β-Bromoethyl-Benzene weighs in at 185.07 g/mol. Its physical behavior reflects its structure. As a liquid at room temperature, it sits between water and heavier organic solvents in density (around 1.34 g/cm³) and can head skyward at a boiling point near 220°C, so distillation is an accessible route for purification. This compound avoids mixing with water but dissolves neatly into ether, alcohol, and other nonpolar solvents, a feature that always resonates with bench chemists looking for options. That bromine atom holds its place tightly, but under the right conditions, the benzylic position opens up interesting reactivity, including nucleophilic substitutions and the formation of carbon–carbon bonds.
Technical Specifications and Labeling
Chemical suppliers put heavy emphasis on purity—typically 98% or greater for most laboratory purposes. Impurities, primarily dibromo byproducts or unreacted precursors, show up in detailed chromatographic data provided by manufacturers. Labels on bottles mark hazards clearly: one whiff or skin splash reminds you this is no ordinary organic liquid. UN numbers and GHS pictograms spell out flammability and toxicity. Lot numbers track each batch, letting users connect their results to the precise origin, a reassurance for both academic researchers and those working in quality control at larger operations.
Preparation Method
The typical route starts from straightforward precursors like ethylbenzene. The synthetic pathway most commonly takes the form of radical bromination, using molecular bromine as the halogen source and a radical initiator—often light or peroxides. Suitably controlled, this process yields β-Bromoethyl-Benzene as the main product, but too much bromine or poor temperature regulation can lead to side-products that seem to delight analytical chemists but frustrate synthetic teams. The possibility also exists to build the molecule from other functionalized benzenes by Friedel-Crafts alkylation, then swapping groups, but the direct bromination of ethylbenzene remains the workhorse method found in most lab reports and patents.
Chemical Reactions and Modifications
β-Bromoethyl-Benzene’s bromoalkyl group turns it into a natural launching pad for further synthesis. Grignard reactions convert it to the corresponding magnesium reagent, letting chemists couple the two-carbon side chain with carbonyl groups, acids, or even simple halides. Its benzylic position, activated by both the phenyl ring and bromine’s leaving ability, makes it tempting for nucleophilic substitution—amines, thiols, or alkoxides all step up to form new C–N, C–S, or C–O bonds. For industrial users, this reactivity paves the way toward pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty polymers, and certain surfactant molecules, always keeping that versatility front of mind. Reductive debromination reverts it to plain ethylbenzene, closing the loop for recycling or planned sequence termination.
Synonyms and Product Names
Chemists love their synonyms, and β-Bromoethyl-Benzene goes by many, adding a tangle to inventory systems. 2-Phenylethyl Bromide, β-Phenylethyl Bromide, and Benzeneethanebromide all describe the same backbone. Commercial catalogues sometimes abbreviate the structure or use CAS Registry Numbers for clarity, but lab shorthand can confuse newcomers searching shelves or research papers. Even so, the combination of systematic and common names allows users to cross-reference regulatory documents and safety data sheets without missing a beat.
Safety and Operational Standards
The bromine atom in β-Bromoethyl-Benzene introduces significant risk factors. Inhaling vapors, even for a short while, burns airways and can lead to lasting respiratory trouble. The compound also irritates skin and eyes and raises cancer concerns for heavy occupational exposure. Regulatory agencies require strict labeling, mandatory glove use, fumehood operations, and waste segregation. Fire risk stands at moderate levels—lower than lighter alkanes, higher than water-based reagents—so storage gets monitored closely. Chemical hygiene guidance sets strict limits for permissible exposure, and in my own lab work, routine air monitoring always gave peace of mind to those handling even small quantities. Emergency showers and eye-wash stations never feel redundant here; they’re genuine essential infrastructure.
Application Area
The reach of β-Bromoethyl-Benzene extends across organic synthesis. Academic researchers turn to this compound when testing new carbon–carbon bond-forming methodologies; its benzylic bromide group means it plays well in substitution, elimination, and Grignard protocols. In pharmaceuticals, it forms the backbone for many antihistamines and local anesthetics, especially where tailored aromatic side chains drive function. Polymer chemists explore it for functional surface modifications or specialty coatings; the reactive side-chain serves as a built-in handle for post-polymerization steps. The flavor and fragrance industry finds a role for derivatives where benzyl motifs need ethyl extensions, and the agricultural chemicals sector explores analogous compounds as building blocks. From teaching labs to contract research outfits, it never goes out of style.
Research and Development
R&D efforts focus on greener synthesis routes, aiming to replace hazardous bromine reagents with more benign alternatives. Solvent optimization to improve yields and reduce waste keeps industrial teams coming back to β-Bromoethyl-Benzene each fiscal year. University teams are probing the electronic properties of brominated aromatics, leveraging the β-bromoethyl group’s effect on reactivity in cross-coupling reactions. Biocatalysis emerges as a new direction, looking to swap harsh conditions for enzymatic routes. Startups eye new process intensification methods—continuous flow reactors, microfluidic setups, and safer handling protocols all fall under the innovation umbrella. Each effort underlines the compound's central role as both a legacy material and a fertile testing ground for next-generation organic synthesis.
Toxicity Research
Studies on toxicity paint a nuanced picture. Acute exposure leads to irritation, so long sleeves and protective glasses are standard, but chronic studies show potential for liver and kidney stress in animal models. Inhalation produces more severe symptoms than accidental dermal contact, yet both lead to cellular level disruption, likely due to reactive metabolite formation post-absorption. Regulatory filings point to carcinogenic risks if exposure exceeds set occupational thresholds; animal studies inform these protocols, and workplace monitoring supports safe usage in busy environments. Wastewater containing β-Bromoethyl-Benzene cannot go down the drain—chemical treatment and incineration remain best practice. That said, robust industrial hygiene measures and improved engineering controls cut accident rates over the decades, translating regulatory science into real-world outcomes.
Future Prospects
Industry talk around β-Bromoethyl-Benzene focuses on both risk and reward. As green chemistry moves forward, developers hunt for alternatives to classical bromination—like transition metal catalysis or late-stage functionalization to minimize waste. Predictive modeling and AI now guide many process optimization efforts, shaving costs and downsizing environmental impacts. There’s renewed interest in repurposing waste streams into useful precursors, with this compound seen as both a challenge and an opportunity. Pharmaceutical innovations still tap its unique combination of stability and reactivity for new lead compounds. With decades of reliable service behind it, β-Bromoethyl-Benzene stands poised for reinvention, ready to help shape the next chapter in the ongoing story of synthetic organic chemistry.
Understanding the Structure
β-Bromoethyl-benzene, also called 1-phenyl-2-bromoethane, features a benzene ring attached to an ethyl chain with a bromine atom on the second carbon. The chemical formula for this compound is C8H9Br. Knowing this formula isn’t just trivia—it shapes how chemists and researchers approach everything from laboratory synthesis to risk assessment.
Practical Importance in the Lab
Back in my undergraduate organic chemistry days, trying to identify an unknown compound by interpreting NMR or mass spec results often felt like piecing together a puzzle. A clear formula, like C8H9Br, lets scientists predict molecular weight or compare calculations against their data. For β-bromoethyl-benzene, that means anticipating a significant peak from the bromine’s isotopes or recognizing its distinctive splitting pattern. You can’t fake hands-on learning; the right formula builds both confidence and accuracy.
Relevance of β-Bromoethyl-Benzene
Working in chemical manufacturing, I’ve seen β-bromoethyl-benzene come up often as a synthetic intermediate. Its two-carbon ethyl bridge linked to an aromatic ring proves handy when building more complex molecules, such as pharmaceuticals or specialty chemicals. Sometimes people overlook compounds like this in favor of more famous reagents, but building blocks matter just as much as finished products. Mistaking the formula could mess up your stoichiometry or yield poor results—those errors cost both money and time.
Health and Safety Considerations
Brominated organics raise red flags for most health and safety officers. C8H9Br isn’t some benign solvent; bromine brings a higher reactivity and potential toxicity. In the lab, we keep these bottles double-sealed, with proper fume hoods and gloves. One slip-up from confusing it with a similar-looking formula could mean exposure to a hazardous substance. Data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration back this up—strong safety records often link directly to chemical literacy at every step from order to disposal.
Environmental Impact and Responsibility
Brominated aromatic compounds attract attention from environmental regulators. Evidence shows that improper disposal can harm aquatic life and linger in groundwater. For anyone managing chemical inventories or waste, correct labeling springs from understanding the right formula, such as C8H9Br. Environmental mishaps seldom happen when teams treat even basic information with care. More often, it’s small oversights on “routine” chemicals that cause the biggest headaches down the line.
Education and Scientific Integrity
Teaching newer generations of scientists, I always stress the importance of getting formulas right, not just relying on memory or copying from a label. In classrooms, clear teaching about C8H9Br sets future researchers up with habits that protect people, projects, and data. Textbook definitions only go so far—students remember hands-on lab stories and real consequences. That approach builds more genuine expertise.
Common Sense Solutions
Encouraging double-checking of formulas during experiments and inventory reviews reduces both risk and waste. Digital tools like chemical inventory software, as well as routine peer checks, create fewer opportunities for error. I’ve found that even one informal five-minute daily huddle about upcoming procedures can catch mislabeling before it happens. While every workplace has its own rhythm, the lesson rings true across industries: developing strong habits around understanding basic information supports better science and safer work.
Why Chemists Turn to β-Bromoethyl-Benzene
The world of organic chemistry keeps bringing new faces to the table, and β-Bromoethyl-benzene has shown up for a good reason. Plenty of researchers and industry folks reach for this compound because of its bromo group and aromatic ring—a combination that opens many doors in synthetic chemistry. The bromo group offers a reactive site that facilitates building more complex molecules, while the benzene ring provides stability.
Building Blocks in Drug Discovery
Pharmaceutical labs often use β-Bromoethyl-benzene as a starting point when developing new drug molecules. The compound’s structure helps chemists introduce various other functional groups through well-established reactions like nucleophilic substitution. For example, the bromo atom leaves the molecule easily, allowing researchers to attach alcohol, thiol, or amine groups to the ethyl chain. This flexibility is important in drug discovery, where small tweaks in the molecule can mean big differences in effectiveness or safety.
Stepping Stone to Functional Materials
Outside of medicine, industrial chemists blend β-Bromoethyl-benzene into processes that create specialty polymers and advanced coatings. The compound, once embedded into a polymer backbone, lends properties that standard monomers can't match. For example, its aromatic structure helps absorb UV light, making it useful in plastics that need to withstand sunlight.
Fine Chemicals and the Broader Market
β-Bromoethyl-benzene jumps into action when companies synthesize fine chemicals and agrochemicals. Its role in making certain crop protection agents underlines its commercial value. The chemical industries often rely on halogenated building blocks like this one to craft molecules that keep pests at bay or boost harvests.
Lab Experience: Synthesis and Scale
Working in university labs and process development teams, I’ve watched firsthand as solutions of β-Bromoethyl-benzene brought about efficient alkylation and halogen exchange reactions. Its straightforward reactivity has saved hours on benchwork that, without such a good leaving group, would stretch across days. The predictable behavior sets it apart. Many large-scale facilities count on this predictability because scaling up reactions means safety and consistency matter as much as clever chemistry.
Environmental and Safety Concerns
No discussion of halogenated benzenes feels complete without recognizing their environmental footprint. β-Bromoethyl-benzene comes with familiar baggage—potential toxicity to aquatic life, persistence in nature, and strict handling requirements. Drawing from direct lab experience, routine work involves gloves, eye protection, and containment because brominated organics don’t forgive mistakes. Engineers and chemists now look toward greener alternatives when possible and push for tighter recycling and waste management on production scales.
Looking Ahead: Greener Alternatives and Best Practices
Organic synthesis won’t kick the habit of using compounds like β-Bromoethyl-benzene overnight. The good news comes from ongoing research into milder reaction conditions and easily degradable analogs. In labs and industrial settings, routine audits, better ventilation, and traceability measures help minimize health and environmental risks. As regulations keep evolving, chemists—especially younger ones—bring greater awareness about lifecycle impacts, which pushes the field in a healthier direction.
References
- Smith, M. B., & March, J. (2007). March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry. Wiley.
- European Chemicals Agency. β-Bromoethylbenzene substance information. Accessed 2024.
- PubChem Compound Summary for CID 18989, 2-Phenylethyl bromide.
Why This Chemical Needs Respect
Working with β-Bromoethyl-Benzene takes a thoughtful approach. I remember a colleague once waving off the warnings until a dropped vial sent us scrambling for the emergency kit. This compound doesn’t look scary—a clear liquid, a faint odor. But spills and fumes mean business, and a little bit of carelessness piles up risk fast. Mistakes cut into skin, eyes, lungs, and ruin lab gear faster than you’d expect.
What Science Says About the Hazards
Data from safety data sheets and research studies confirm several risks. β-Bromoethyl-Benzene irritates skin and eyes, but worst of all, its vapors bite. Inhalation can trigger headaches, dizziness, or—in a tightly closed space—even more severe harm. Repeated exposure pushes the risk higher. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) calls for exposure limits, hinting at proven long-term effects. Nobody wants to live with chronic health effects from a single slip-up.
Controlling the Environment: Smart Storage
Unlike some easygoing reagents, β-Bromoethyl-Benzene punishes forgetfulness. I always check that storage bottles go right back into clearly labeled, tightly closed containers. I never leave them near heat or sunlight. Flammable liquids cabinet, away from oxidizers and bases, drops reaction risk. Rubber stoppers and glass flasks win over plastic, which degrades with time. In the wrong spot, fumes travel and could ignite if someone’s using a hot plate nearby. Dry, cool, and well-ventilated works best. If it sits in a corner locker, build-up of vapors spells trouble.
Handling: Suit Up and Get Serious
No matter how familiar I get, personal protection takes zero compromise. Lab coat, gloves (nitrile or neoprene, not plain latex), and safety goggles go on before lifting a dropper. In a good lab, you’ll find β-Bromoethyl-Benzene transferred or measured only under a certified fume hood. A splash or vapor, if left unchecked, finds your lungs. Clean pipettes and glassware keep contamination down. I rinse tools right after use, so residues won’t surprise the next person. Anyone caught off guard, from intern to senior chemist, can get hurt.
Emergency Prep and Solid Routines
I always teach others to check the spill kit and know where eye wash stations and showers stand. Spilled β-Bromoethyl-Benzene wants immediate attention—ditching soiled clothing, flushing skin for fifteen minutes, reporting every incident, even the smallest. In my experience, the difference between a near-miss and a true accident usually comes down to muscle memory, built by regular drills.
Waste disposal follows the rules: never down the sink, always through approved hazardous waste programs. Labeling waste containers with the exact substance avoids someone mixing incompatible residues. Carelessness here doesn’t just break rules—it brings real consequences and heavy fines.
Making Safety a Habit, Not a Slogan
Year after year, labs get reminders by posted safety sheets, but personal experience is the strong teacher. As research environments turn over new faces, a culture of steady caution grows. I encourage new team members to ask questions, demand fresh gloves, and challenge old habits if shortcuts tempt. At every step, proper respect for β-Bromoethyl-Benzene secures safer days at the bench—and fewer stories that begin with “Remember the time someone…”
What It Looks and Feels Like
Anyone who has stepped into a chemical lab may relate to the strange combination of curiosity and caution that new compounds bring. β-Bromoethyl-benzene looks like a clear, oily liquid. Its structure combines a benzene ring with a two-carbon chain, capped by a bromine atom at the end. Just from looking at that setup, you can probably guess that this isn’t the friendliest chemical to handle. Its faint sweet odor signals something potent lurking beneath the surface.
The melting point sits well below room temperature, which tells you this stuff doesn’t solidify easily—pretty typical for organic compounds with similar backbones. Boiling tends to happen around 220–225°C, so don’t expect it to disappear from an open beaker unless you’re working with serious heat. Its density is heavier than water, thanks to the bromine content—pick up a flask and you’ll notice the extra heft.
Chemical Behavior That Matters
β-Bromoethyl-benzene finds its main significance from that bromine atom attached at the end. Bromine brings reactivity to the table, and in organic synthesis, it acts as an excellent leaving group. In my own undergraduate days, I saw this compound turn up most often in alkylation reactions. You hit it with a decent nucleophile, and bromine pops right off, making room for something new. Chemists who want to build more complicated molecules often start with something like this for exactly that reason.
It resists hydrolysis under normal conditions, so water won’t break it down unless you kick up the reaction with a strong base or acid. That helps it stick around in multi-step syntheses, which becomes pretty important if you’re trying to avoid unwanted side products. Think of it like a lock that only opens with the right key—random bumps and jostles don’t do much, but the right force opens up a whole new world of products.
Safety Issues You Can’t Ignore
The stories you hear in labs about spilled chemicals and burned hands aren’t just cautionary tales. β-Bromoethyl-benzene counts as hazardous both for human health and the environment. Brominated chemicals have a nasty habit of irritating skin and eyes. A whiff might leave a scratchy throat or worse. Gloves, goggles, and fume hoods aren’t optional. Years ago, a bottle slipped from someone’s hands in my group, and we spent an uncomfortable afternoon cleaning up because its slick, oily texture makes it spread easily.
Besides personal safety, disposal matters. Like many benzene derivatives, β-Bromoethyl-benzene doesn’t break down quickly in nature. It clings to soils and can build up in waterways, so dumping it down the sink would be a disaster. Conscious labs dedicate special waste collection for compounds like this, sending them off for incineration or other safe disposal.
Choosing Better Alternatives and Being Smart About Handling
Chemists have started pushing for greener options. While some syntheses demand a compound like β-Bromoethyl-benzene, researchers constantly search for ways to cut down on hazardous chemicals. In some cases, they swap out bromine for something less toxic or use catalytic techniques that avoid harsh reagents. The toolbox keeps growing as new methods emerge.
For anyone working with or around β-Bromoethyl-benzene, training makes a tangible difference. Knowing the right way to store, handle, and clean up after using it limits the odds of an accident. Spill kits and clear protocols show up in any well-run lab, sometimes making the difference between an ordinary day and an emergency call. Simple things like double-checking labels, using secondary containers, and logging chemical use may sound tedious, but these habits protect researchers, neighbors, and the planet itself.
Understanding the Chemical
β-Bromoethyl-benzene doesn’t often pop up in everyday conversations, but for those dealing with research, synthesis, or certain industrial needs, this compound turns up on chemical order lists. It’s an organic molecule carrying both a benzene ring and a bromoethyl group—features that can spark curiosity and concern alike. People aren’t buying it for home projects or cleaning stoves. This stuff belongs in professional settings, labs, and specialty manufacturing processes.
Where Questions Start: Is It Hazardous?
Scientific literature and data sheets agree on one thing—anyone handling β-bromoethyl-benzene should treat it with caution. Skin, eye, and respiratory irritation show up as possible risks in published chemical safety data. Direct contact may burn, and inhaling its vapors in poorly ventilated labs causes headaches, coughing, or worse. The argument for proper handling doesn’t just come from government agencies like OSHA or the European Chemicals Agency—workers tell the same story after just a short exposure, especially if they end up with a chemical splash on the skin or accidentally breathe it in.
One look at Material Safety Data Sheets and you’ll spot hazard pictograms warning about both acute toxicity and serious irritation. Some authorities assign it categories associated with suspected carcinogenic potential, although hard evidence in humans remains limited. Test-tube and animal studies sometimes show DNA damage, which gives scientists and safety officers enough concern to keep gloves, eye protection, and fume hoods in the picture.
Why Does This Matter in Real Life?
Most people never see β-bromoethyl-benzene, but chemists and process engineers can’t always avoid it. Small spills or forgotten gloves easily create unnecessary risks, especially in places that cut corners or skip proper training. One slip-up turns into burns, chemical-induced asthma attacks, lingering smells—sometimes even a trip to the doctor.
Mistakes don’t just hurt workers, either. In communities with chemical plants, poor handling or lack of emergency prep can lead to accidental releases. Such incidents risk air or water pollution, sending folks scrambling and raising public trust issues. Look at how quickly neighborhoods react after word of a solvent leak or a strange odor—people get scared, and cleanup takes more than a bucket and mop.
Learning From Science, Not Just Labels
Researchers regularly evaluate chemicals for long-term and short-term effects. Some chemicals that passed as “safe” decades ago later turned into cautionary tales—lead, asbestos, and benzene itself included. With β-bromoethyl-benzene, even in the absence of flashy headlines, the lessons stay the same: err on the side of caution.
Real Solutions, Everyday Actions
Proper training goes beyond reading the manual. Teaching users how to spot symptoms, how to react to spills, and how to store this chemical properly keeps both people and environments safer. Good ventilation in workspaces works wonders. Companies investing in containment, personal protective equipment, and proper disposal keep accidents and exposures off the front page. It’s worth taking notes from workplaces that already foster a serious safety culture—everyone brings home fewer worries that way.
Regulators keep raising the bar for transparency around toxic chemicals, and public access to safety data gets easier every year. Nobody likes extra red tape or paperwork, but stories of what happens without them show unmistakable value. Responsible chemical use today means less regret tomorrow, for both workers and their neighbors.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 1-Bromo-2-phenylethane |
| Other names |
1-Bromo-2-phenylethane
β-Phenylethyl bromide 2-Phenylethyl bromide Bromoethylbenzene Phenethyl bromide Bromophenylethane |
| Pronunciation | /ˌbiːˈbrəʊmoʊˌiːθɪlˈbɛnziːn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 103-63-9 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1718737 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:36806 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL131875 |
| ChemSpider | 151322 |
| DrugBank | DB08737 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03eeb2e1-07b2-45c6-bba9-bb84ff62b6da |
| EC Number | 206-615-8 |
| Gmelin Reference | 7777 |
| KEGG | C19221 |
| MeSH | D017929 |
| PubChem CID | 238867 |
| RTECS number | CY8575000 |
| UNII | XE0L009A2V |
| UN number | The UN number of Β-Bromoethyl-Benzene is "UN2345". |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H9Br |
| Molar mass | 185.07 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow liquid |
| Odor | Aromatic |
| Density | 1.357 g/mL |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log P | 2.96 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.455 mmHg (at 25°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 44. |
| Basicity (pKb) | Basicity (pKb): 5.9 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -65.0·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.5460 |
| Viscosity | 1.211 cP (25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 1.72 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 367.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -11.4 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -3856.7 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P261, P280, P305+P351+P338, P304+P340, P312 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-2-0 |
| Flash point | 73 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) |
| Explosive limits | Explosive limits: 1.0–7.0% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 870 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral rat LD50 = 870 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | UR8650000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 2°C to 8°C |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
